WEBVTT Kind: captions; Language: fi 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:04.770 This video provides you with some guidance in the process 2 00:00:04.770 --> 00:00:09.040 of collecting empirical evidence by using historical newspaper 3 00:00:09.040 --> 00:00:12.660 archives or databases. 4 00:00:12.660 --> 00:00:17.930 Before we start, consider two issues of qualitative research that 5 00:00:17.930 --> 00:00:23.080 are relevant for your project: First, 6 00:00:23.080 --> 00:00:26.720 be it interview data, survey data, 7 00:00:26.720 --> 00:00:31.940 archival data or whatever you’re obtaining, what you 8 00:00:31.940 --> 00:00:36.090 you need to be is a "skeptic" of this data. 9 00:00:36.090 --> 00:00:42.010 Relevant to this project, take into consideration that newspapers, 10 00:00:42.010 --> 00:00:46.410 too, have a particular history and perspective. 11 00:00:46.410 --> 00:00:51.640 So newspapers, too, provide their very own prospective when 12 00:00:51.640 --> 00:00:58.190 reporting on issues. For instance, 13 00:00:58.190 --> 00:01:01.990 compare the reporting of the Financial Times 14 00:01:01.990 --> 00:01:07.200 on an issue with Helsingin Sanomat on the same issue. 15 00:01:07.200 --> 00:01:12.550 So, there is a clear difference on how those 16 00:01:12.550 --> 00:01:17.320 events will be reported. 17 00:01:17.320 --> 00:01:22.360 Second, when we consider newspapers, 18 00:01:22.360 --> 00:01:28.170 a today’s newspaper or a newspaper in the past, 19 00:01:28.170 --> 00:01:32.540 we need to be aware that there are different rubrics 20 00:01:32.540 --> 00:01:36.880 in a newspaper that work differently. Consider, 21 00:01:36.880 --> 00:01:42.230 for instance, an advertising in a newspaper versus 22 00:01:42.230 --> 00:01:46.740 a journalistic report. Therefore, you must 23 00:01:46.740 --> 00:01:52.300 understand what different kind of "traces" a company 24 00:01:52.300 --> 00:01:56.340 may leave behind in a newspaper. 25 00:01:56.340 --> 00:02:00.930 Then,the second main issue that I wish 26 00:02:00.930 --> 00:02:05.560 to highlight, pertains to the potential of what I call 27 00:02:05.560 --> 00:02:09.290 the "interpretive overload". 28 00:02:09.290 --> 00:02:15.840 Your research is likely to uncover a ton of new sources. 29 00:02:15.840 --> 00:02:19.760 The challenge now is to keep track 30 00:02:19.760 --> 00:02:24.400 of your research. At the end of the video, I will 31 00:02:24.400 --> 00:02:29.790 briefly talk about the ways how you manage your research process 32 00:02:29.790 --> 00:02:34.340 professionally. So keep this in mind. 33 00:02:34.340 --> 00:02:40.130 Now, what are now the sources from which you 34 00:02:40.130 --> 00:02:45.860 will most likely derive the historical narrative of your company. 35 00:02:45.860 --> 00:02:51.040 As I said previously, we will mainly work with newspaper 36 00:02:51.040 --> 00:02:55.750 sources. In the British case, I will briefly introduce 37 00:02:55.750 --> 00:03:01.620 in this video the main newspaper outlets. 38 00:03:01.620 --> 00:03:06.550 This includes governmental newspapers, national newspapers, 39 00:03:06.550 --> 00:03:10.800 provincial newspapers and business newspapers. At the same 40 00:03:10.800 --> 00:03:15.820 time, there is also the opportunity for you to work with newspapers 41 00:03:15.820 --> 00:03:20.940 from the host country and, of course, this depends wherever 42 00:03:20.940 --> 00:03:25.380 your company ventured into. 43 00:03:25.380 --> 00:03:30.700 So now let's start with the governmental 44 00:03:30.700 --> 00:03:35.680 newspapers. In this study period, it is important for 45 00:03:35.680 --> 00:03:41.690 you to know that the London and Edinburgh Gazettes are the most 46 00:03:41.690 --> 00:03:47.110 important ones. These governmental newspapers 47 00:03:47.110 --> 00:03:51.810 have been established in the mid 17th century. 48 00:03:51.810 --> 00:03:56.470 Content-wise, when you read those newspapers you can 49 00:03:56.470 --> 00:04:02.340 learn something about various issues of state intelligence. 50 00:04:02.340 --> 00:04:06.480 For instance, you will find proclamations 51 00:04:06.480 --> 00:04:11.590 or information regarding acts of the parliament. 52 00:04:11.590 --> 00:04:16.790 This is also very useful source for tracing the history of a company. 53 00:04:16.790 --> 00:04:21.460 For instance, companies were required to place "notices" 54 00:04:21.460 --> 00:04:25.500 in those newspaper. I will explain 55 00:04:25.500 --> 00:04:30.090 that on the next slide in more detail. 56 00:04:30.090 --> 00:04:35.740 So mainly you find two different types of 57 00:04:35.740 --> 00:04:40.130 "notices" in those newspapers. The first 58 00:04:40.130 --> 00:04:46.300 one informs you about the bankruptcy of a company. 59 00:04:46.300 --> 00:04:50.610 So those bankruptcy notices were required 60 00:04:50.610 --> 00:04:55.350 by law and what was the original purpose of this 61 00:04:55.350 --> 00:05:00.200 notice, of course: when you interpret those you need 62 00:05:00.200 --> 00:05:05.490 to take into account that notices were addressed to creditors 63 00:05:05.490 --> 00:05:10.160 and covered meetings that were 64 00:05:10.160 --> 00:05:15.280 called in to interview the bankrupt about the assets and debts and then 65 00:05:15.280 --> 00:05:20.120 enable the creditors to prove their debts and also 66 00:05:20.120 --> 00:05:24.880 agree in the distribution of the monies to the creditors and then 67 00:05:24.880 --> 00:05:29.910 finally confirmed that the bankrupt is compliant, 68 00:05:29.910 --> 00:05:35.760 so that he can become released from bankruptcy. 69 00:05:35.760 --> 00:05:39.170 So from that kind of notices, we 70 00:05:39.170 --> 00:05:44.560 can extract a lot of useful information. 71 00:05:44.560 --> 00:05:48.600 This includes, for example, 72 00:05:48.600 --> 00:05:53.610 the bankrupt's name, occupation, details 73 00:05:53.610 --> 00:05:57.630 about the assets sales and so forth. 74 00:05:57.630 --> 00:06:02.580 Then the second type of notice is a similar one but 75 00:06:02.580 --> 00:06:07.730 it is about the voluntary dissolution, mostly a liquidation. 76 00:06:07.730 --> 00:06:12.930 You will find very similar data 77 00:06:12.930 --> 00:06:17.310 and the logic I explained 78 00:06:17.310 --> 00:06:21.850 earlier applies here again. 79 00:06:21.850 --> 00:06:26.960 I have here one example of that kind of 80 00:06:26.960 --> 00:06:32.150 a notice. On this slide here, you see an example of the case 81 00:06:32.150 --> 00:06:37.090 company of this FSC company I introduced earlier. So I 82 00:06:37.090 --> 00:06:42.040 searched to Gazette website and I 83 00:06:42.040 --> 00:06:47.250 got couple of hits, and with one hit, 84 00:06:47.250 --> 00:06:52.740 I was able to verify the transfer of assets I talked 85 00:06:52.740 --> 00:06:57.470 about in another video before. 86 00:06:57.470 --> 00:07:02.390 So note here also that of course in that kind of notices you 87 00:07:02.390 --> 00:07:07.360 also will find other information that 88 00:07:07.360 --> 00:07:12.200 perhaps will prove to be useful for you. 89 00:07:12.200 --> 00:07:17.240 Now after having established the usefulness of 90 00:07:17.240 --> 00:07:22.390 those notices, there are of course many 91 00:07:22.390 --> 00:07:27.300 different types of business-related content in newspapers 92 00:07:27.300 --> 00:07:32.440 that you might recover from archives. 93 00:07:32.440 --> 00:07:37.440 So, first, the most basic category refers to specific reports or 94 00:07:37.440 --> 00:07:43.460 journalistic articles written on various issues. 95 00:07:43.460 --> 00:07:47.530 Here is a list of issues that you 96 00:07:47.530 --> 00:07:52.670 might encounter. For example, you will find 97 00:07:52.670 --> 00:07:57.910 reports on corporate events such as acquisitions, takeovers, winding-ups. 98 00:07:57.910 --> 00:08:02.430 An example for that is 99 00:08:02.430 --> 00:08:07.250 when you’re company runs into litigation or there is 100 00:08:07.250 --> 00:08:11.790 a crime case that involves a fraud or a robbery. 101 00:08:11.790 --> 00:08:17.130 Then sometimes there'll be a report about the celebration of an anniversary 102 00:08:17.130 --> 00:08:21.450 and so forth. So there are tons of events that 103 00:08:21.450 --> 00:08:25.720 might end up in a newspaper article. 104 00:08:25.720 --> 00:08:30.600 Then of course you will also encounter 105 00:08:30.600 --> 00:08:33.320 advertising columns. 106 00:08:33.320 --> 00:08:38.690 For instance a company advertises in a newspaper 107 00:08:38.690 --> 00:08:43.320 to market its consumer goods. 108 00:08:43.320 --> 00:08:48.640 Then finally there is also a lot of contextual information 109 00:08:48.640 --> 00:08:53.350 that you might be able to extract from newspapers. 110 00:08:53.350 --> 00:08:57.990 So there might be general reports 111 00:08:57.990 --> 00:09:03.280 on the broader financial and economic context 112 00:09:03.280 --> 00:09:08.280 relevant to your case company. And 113 00:09:08.280 --> 00:09:12.690 then of course you also might find notices 114 00:09:12.690 --> 00:09:17.120 about the stock exchange movements and so forth. 115 00:09:17.120 --> 00:09:22.160 So let's now look at some of those 116 00:09:22.160 --> 00:09:27.030 content types in the national, provincial and business 117 00:09:27.030 --> 00:09:32.410 newspapers. Concerning national newspapers, 118 00:09:32.410 --> 00:09:36.560 you must understand that the importance ones in 119 00:09:36.560 --> 00:09:41.110 the British context of the mid 19th century 120 00:09:41.110 --> 00:09:46.610 included The Times, The Morning Post, The Guardian, The Observer 121 00:09:46.610 --> 00:09:50.810 and The Telegraph. For all of those sources 122 00:09:50.810 --> 00:09:55.740 we have excellent access via 123 00:09:55.740 --> 00:10:00.130 JYU dok or 124 00:10:00.130 --> 00:10:04.880 the British Newspaper Archive. 125 00:10:04.880 --> 00:10:11.020 Here we have an example of an article published in The Times. 126 00:10:11.020 --> 00:10:16.790 So this snapshot is from a section where Glasgow 127 00:10:16.790 --> 00:10:21.300 correspondent telegraphs the latest 128 00:10:21.300 --> 00:10:26.490 news to London where The Times 129 00:10:26.490 --> 00:10:31.990 had its headquarters. So in this snapshot 130 00:10:31.990 --> 00:10:37.280 paragraph we learn that our example company 131 00:10:37.280 --> 00:10:41.850 seems to have drawn into scandal, 132 00:10:41.850 --> 00:10:46.580 so it seems that there has been 133 00:10:46.580 --> 00:10:51.130 somewhat liquidation problems with another company and 134 00:10:51.130 --> 00:10:56.380 in this article we learn that the secretary of our 135 00:10:56.380 --> 00:11:01.150 company opposes the rumors that liquidations problems 136 00:11:01.150 --> 00:11:08.200 of the other company is affecting its financials. 137 00:11:08.200 --> 00:11:11.400 Note that of course we can learn 138 00:11:11.400 --> 00:11:16.410 also a lot of other things about 139 00:11:16.410 --> 00:11:21.180 our company we are researching. So we can learn for example something 140 00:11:21.180 --> 00:11:25.620 about the organizational structure of the company, so 141 00:11:25.620 --> 00:11:30.290 it seems that there has been a secretary 142 00:11:30.290 --> 00:11:34.770 that acted in a very active role. 143 00:11:34.770 --> 00:11:37.950 Then when 144 00:11:37.950 --> 00:11:43.500 we go further, let's now consider 145 00:11:43.500 --> 00:11:49.260 the next type of newspaper, the provincial newspapers. 146 00:11:49.260 --> 00:11:54.400 Those provincial newspaper took their very own niche 147 00:11:54.400 --> 00:11:59.230 by the end of the 18th century, so roughly 148 00:11:59.230 --> 00:12:05.020 100 relevant titles circulated around those times. 149 00:12:05.020 --> 00:12:10.170 For the Scottish context, The Scotsman is a relevant 150 00:12:10.170 --> 00:12:15.020 newspaper that you might wish to look up. 151 00:12:15.020 --> 00:12:20.860 However, you can use the British Newspaper Archive database to identify 152 00:12:20.860 --> 00:12:26.350 other outlets that may contain information about your company. 153 00:12:26.350 --> 00:12:31.780 The links on this slide provide you different 154 00:12:31.780 --> 00:12:37.270 access points. So you can use the 155 00:12:37.270 --> 00:12:43.320 advanced search option or alternatively 156 00:12:43.320 --> 00:12:48.340 you can select specific outlet or 157 00:12:48.340 --> 00:12:54.710 look at the lists of "Scottish only" newspapers. 158 00:12:54.710 --> 00:12:58.110 My recommendation is to look specifically 159 00:12:58.110 --> 00:13:04.050 at those newspapers that circulated in the town or region where the 160 00:13:04.050 --> 00:13:08.630 head office of your company was located. 161 00:13:08.630 --> 00:13:13.700 For instance, Glasgowian newspapers. 162 00:13:13.700 --> 00:13:19.250 Note hear that newspapers often cover stories from across the country 163 00:13:19.250 --> 00:13:25.340 or the globe. So you may find that a London-based newspaper could provide 164 00:13:25.340 --> 00:13:29.610 additional perspective on the events happening in Glasgow. So, 165 00:13:29.610 --> 00:13:34.090 keep that in mind. 166 00:13:34.090 --> 00:13:39.020 Here I have an example of 167 00:13:39.020 --> 00:13:44.480 The Scotsman that shows 168 00:13:44.480 --> 00:13:48.750 reporting on an annual shareholder 169 00:13:48.750 --> 00:13:53.280 meeting of my case company. Amongst other issues, 170 00:13:53.280 --> 00:13:58.350 we learn that the host government, New Zealand, 171 00:13:58.350 --> 00:14:02.420 issued a new tax 172 00:14:02.420 --> 00:14:07.090 that worsens the business environment in New Zealand. 173 00:14:07.090 --> 00:14:12.430 Additionally, you can of course 174 00:14:12.430 --> 00:14:16.750 besides the national newspapers 175 00:14:16.750 --> 00:14:21.920 and provincial newspapers, there are also 176 00:14:21.920 --> 00:14:26.510 business-specific newspapers. In the historical 177 00:14:26.510 --> 00:14:31.130 period that we are interested in, the Lloyd’s List was the 178 00:14:31.130 --> 00:14:35.910 first major business newspaper. 179 00:14:35.910 --> 00:14:40.920 Also the Course of Exchange, another newspaper 180 00:14:40.920 --> 00:14:45.490 may provide you with information on stock exchange 181 00:14:45.490 --> 00:14:50.000 prices, foreign exchanges, shipping movements, etc. All 182 00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:54.370 things that may be of interests to your project. 183 00:14:54.370 --> 00:14:58.920 However, note here that the modern daily newspaper 184 00:14:58.920 --> 00:15:02.590 only evolved at the end of the 19th century. 185 00:15:02.590 --> 00:15:07.280 For instance, The Financial Times or its predecessors 186 00:15:07.280 --> 00:15:12.030 emerged in the 1884. 187 00:15:12.030 --> 00:15:16.510 Unfortunately, the university library doesn’t provide us 188 00:15:16.510 --> 00:15:20.960 access to this important database. The information 189 00:15:20.960 --> 00:15:25.460 is unfortunately locked behind a paywall. 190 00:15:25.460 --> 00:15:28.400 191 00:15:28.400 --> 00:15:31.000 Nevertheless, 192 00:15:31.000 --> 00:15:35.840 here on this slide, 193 00:15:35.840 --> 00:15:40.890 you see another example. This time from a business 194 00:15:40.890 --> 00:15:45.820 press article. So here we have something 195 00:15:45.820 --> 00:15:50.550 from the Lloyd’s List. We learn, for example, that 196 00:15:50.550 --> 00:15:55.410 my case company paid on dividends 197 00:15:55.410 --> 00:15:59.990 in a particular year in this snapshot here. 198 00:15:59.990 --> 00:16:03.900 Let's move on. 199 00:16:03.900 --> 00:16:08.980 Finally there are of course also other types 200 00:16:08.980 --> 00:16:14.900 of business periodicals such as to The Weekly, The Economists 201 00:16:14.900 --> 00:16:20.740 or very important here, the Trade Press newspaper. 202 00:16:20.740 --> 00:16:24.040 And I think that particularly Trade Press might 203 00:16:24.040 --> 00:16:29.030 be particle interests to our projects. Those 204 00:16:29.030 --> 00:16:34.560 journals were published and targeted business managers 205 00:16:34.560 --> 00:16:38.950 in specific industries. So there is 206 00:16:38.950 --> 00:16:44.360 a lot to learn from those trade journals. Unfortunately, 207 00:16:44.360 --> 00:16:49.210 I do not know systematic way to identify relevant 208 00:16:49.210 --> 00:16:53.950 Trade Press outlets in the British context. 209 00:16:53.950 --> 00:16:59.170 What I know, however, is that the British Newspaper Archive 210 00:16:59.170 --> 00:17:02.970 has digitized plenty of them. So we 211 00:17:02.970 --> 00:17:07.800 might find them on…or via the 212 00:17:07.800 --> 00:17:11.900 advanced database search. 213 00:17:11.900 --> 00:17:17.110 Here I have one final example. 214 00:17:17.110 --> 00:17:21.200 It is a snapshot from the North British 215 00:17:21.200 --> 00:17:26.980 Agriculturalist. It includes a letter to the editors. 216 00:17:26.980 --> 00:17:30.580 We learn here that our case company 217 00:17:30.580 --> 00:17:34.770 intends to grow, in the next season, 218 00:17:34.770 --> 00:17:39.350 some new crops. And we also learn 219 00:17:39.350 --> 00:17:44.940 something about the general prospects of agriculture 220 00:17:44.940 --> 00:17:48.110 in New Zealand. 221 00:17:48.110 --> 00:17:54.260 Then now let's switch the perspective from 222 00:17:54.260 --> 00:17:59.540 the "home country of the company" to the "host country." 223 00:17:59.540 --> 00:18:04.310 As an example, consider host country 224 00:18:04.310 --> 00:18:09.270 newspapers from the US American context. 225 00:18:09.270 --> 00:18:14.040 This includes important newspapers as The Wall Street Journal, 226 00:18:14.040 --> 00:18:18.230 The Washington Post, or The New York Times. 227 00:18:18.230 --> 00:18:23.510 The link at the bottom of this slide brings you to a complete 228 00:18:23.510 --> 00:18:28.430 list of historical newspaper databases that are 229 00:18:28.430 --> 00:18:33.090 available at JYU. 230 00:18:33.090 --> 00:18:38.320 Also note that the British Newspaper Archive holds a collection 231 00:18:38.320 --> 00:18:43.670 of newspapers from its former colonies too. 232 00:18:43.670 --> 00:18:48.400 Here I have final example of the Lyttelton Times. 233 00:18:48.400 --> 00:18:53.840 This is a province or town in New Zealand. 234 00:18:53.840 --> 00:18:58.780 And in this snapshot, we learn that our case company 235 00:18:58.780 --> 00:19:03.290 advertises properties for sale. 236 00:19:03.290 --> 00:19:08.970 That's it for moment. In this video I briefly, 237 00:19:08.970 --> 00:19:13.900 or not so briefly, talked about different newspaper 238 00:19:13.900 --> 00:19:18.620 types and different content that you might to uncover.