WEBVTT 00:00:00.060 --> 00:00:05.490 In this screencast I will explain  the use of the APA document template   00:00:05.490 --> 00:00:10.530 and how you can insert citations with  Zotero reference management software. 00:00:10.530 --> 00:00:16.080 So we have Zotero open here  and now we'll switch to Word.  00:00:16.080 --> 00:00:19.950 And we'll start a new template, new APA document. 00:00:19.950 --> 00:00:23.940 So whenever you want to start  a new document you choose file and   00:00:23.940 --> 00:00:27.360 new front template and then you  get the window that we have here. 00:00:27.360 --> 00:00:33.630 And this is the building templates that you have  and I have the APA style paper installed already. 00:00:33.630 --> 00:00:40.740 But if you don't have that type APA  to the search bar and then Word will   00:00:40.740 --> 00:00:45.150 load different templates from the internet. 00:00:45.150 --> 00:00:50.220 And we want to have a paper not a report  and we'll use the first document here. 00:00:50.220 --> 00:00:53.310 These are just different versions  of the same thing basically. 00:00:53.310 --> 00:00:57.810 So we double click on that and  it'll give us a new document. 00:00:57.810 --> 00:01:03.390 And this document template contains text styles   00:01:03.390 --> 00:01:07.110 and it contains explanation  of how to use the template. 00:01:07.920 --> 00:01:12.420 When you apply the template I usually open the   00:01:12.420 --> 00:01:17.760 Styles pane first and I'll  switch on the style guide. 00:01:17.760 --> 00:01:21.990 So I can see which styles  this document actually use. 00:01:21.990 --> 00:01:27.600 So these styles are in use and they're in  color-codes so you see which one is used and were. 00:01:27.600 --> 00:01:33.480 If you work on an article then you  should generally have this title page. 00:01:33.480 --> 00:01:41.400 And if you just work on like an assignment or  something like that then you can just delete   00:01:41.400 --> 00:01:46.470 author note because there are no acknowledgements  that you need to make or no conflict of interest   00:01:46.470 --> 00:01:48.270 that you need to declare. So you can delete that. 00:01:48.270 --> 00:01:55.200 Then there is the table of contents. And if you are working on a short report,   00:01:55.200 --> 00:02:00.420 let's say 10 or 20 pages, then having a  table of content may not be necessary. 00:02:00.420 --> 00:02:02.370 So you can delete that as well. 00:02:02.370 --> 00:02:05.850 Typically when you submit an  article to a journal you don't   00:02:05.850 --> 00:02:10.350 have the table of contents either  because that's not the convention. 00:02:10.350 --> 00:02:16.680 But when I write articles myself, I usually  have the table of contents here during the   00:02:16.680 --> 00:02:22.320 writing because it helps me to keep track  of how much space I spend on each section. 00:02:22.320 --> 00:02:28.110 So let's just delete the table of contents  for now so we don't need that either. 00:02:28.110 --> 00:02:36.390 Then we have the abstract. 00:02:36.390 --> 00:02:40.410 If you have something like  a final report for a course.  00:02:40.410 --> 00:02:46.770 Or if you have a paper that you're writing for  a journal then you should have an abstract. 00:02:46.770 --> 00:02:48.690 So the idea of an abstract is that it tells   00:02:49.740 --> 00:02:53.070 the reader a short explanation  of what the document is about. 00:02:53.070 --> 00:02:58.590 Perhaps the main results, the motivation for  writing the document and that kind of things. 00:02:58.590 --> 00:03:02.310 And for journals you also need to have key words   00:03:02.310 --> 00:03:06.720 that allow other people to  find the article in search. 00:03:06.720 --> 00:03:10.530 But if you are just working on an  assignment for a school or school   00:03:10.530 --> 00:03:12.780 project then you can just delete the key words. 00:03:12.780 --> 00:03:13.560 No need to have that. 00:03:13.560 --> 00:03:24.480 Now if you're just working on like a weekly  writing assignment using this template then   00:03:24.480 --> 00:03:30.000 you may also consider eliminating  the title page or the abstract. 00:03:30.000 --> 00:03:31.500 Let's take the abstract away. 00:03:31.500 --> 00:03:37.950 So if we are just working on a weekly paper  instead of final report that is the weekly   00:03:37.950 --> 00:03:42.660 paper could be like two or three or five pages  then having an abstract would be an overkill. 00:03:42.660 --> 00:03:44.400 So we delete that as well. 00:03:44.400 --> 00:03:48.480 And then we get to actually  to the writing of the paper. 00:03:48.480 --> 00:03:54.510 And now we can see that these  different headings are here.  00:03:54.510 --> 00:03:59.700 Ao you of course delete all  these things and write your own. 00:03:59.700 --> 00:04:04.140 Or you can start writing your  own things over these headings. 00:04:04.140 --> 00:04:09.240 But they show you the different styles  that are used so headings use heading 1,   00:04:09.240 --> 00:04:11.310 heading 2, heading 3 and so on. 00:04:11.310 --> 00:04:17.790 And then these normal body  text uses the normal style. 00:04:17.790 --> 00:04:21.960 So you know that these styles are used  and then it gives you the APA style. 00:04:21.960 --> 00:04:26.310 Then in the end of the document  we have the references. 00:04:26.310 --> 00:04:32.430 We'll replace this set of references with  something that Zotero generates for us. 00:04:32.430 --> 00:04:37.110 And then there are explanations of foot  notes, explanation of how you add tables. 00:04:37.110 --> 00:04:41.580 In this document style you always  add the tables to the end of the   00:04:41.580 --> 00:04:43.440 document and figures to the end of the document. 00:04:43.440 --> 00:04:47.940 And that's what you should do in an  article if you are working on a school   00:04:47.940 --> 00:04:53.760 project then you can have the figures  and tables flowing in the text as well. 00:04:53.760 --> 00:04:56.040 So there's no need to have it in there. 00:04:56.040 --> 00:05:04.350 And let's just delete all this stuff because we  are not going to be using that at the moment. 00:05:04.350 --> 00:05:12.930 We need the reference section and let's  type here our title example paper. 00:05:19.500 --> 00:05:28.470 We can delete that and type example paper. 00:05:28.470 --> 00:05:33.690 That's heading one. 00:05:37.520 --> 00:05:43.130 We can add a page break because  it was deleted for some reason.  00:05:43.130 --> 00:05:51.200 Or just paragraph and page break before. 00:05:51.200 --> 00:05:59.870 Alright and then we delete the text  and we start writing our own things. 00:05:59.870 --> 00:06:05.600 So we write own things here and  this is going to be normal style.  00:06:05.600 --> 00:06:13.430 And I'll just use a text from  Singleton &Straits and that's   00:06:13.430 --> 00:06:16.070 how Singleton & Straits defined reliability. 00:06:24.080 --> 00:06:30.050 All right and how do we add  citations to this document. 00:06:30.050 --> 00:06:33.260 So this is just copied from the text. 00:06:33.260 --> 00:06:42.050 And we need to do two things because  this has been copied from the book. 00:06:42.050 --> 00:06:49.730 First we are quotation marks around  it and then we replace this double   00:06:49.730 --> 00:06:52.040 quotation marks with a single quotation marks. 00:06:52.040 --> 00:07:00.680 Just to make it clear that this  quote here is not an ending of   00:07:00.680 --> 00:07:02.780 this quote but it's just a quote within a quote. 00:07:02.780 --> 00:07:05.360 And then we need to cite the book. 00:07:05.360 --> 00:07:12.830 And to cite the book we open the Zotero tab here. And there's add/edit citation. 00:07:12.830 --> 00:07:15.530 There's a keyboard shortcut for this as well. 00:07:15.530 --> 00:07:19.340 And if you are use this heavily then using the   00:07:19.340 --> 00:07:23.270 keyboard shortcut is faster  than going through the tab. 00:07:23.270 --> 00:07:26.060 But we'll just do add/edit citation. 00:07:26.060 --> 00:07:32.090 Now the software will ask us for citation style. 00:07:32.090 --> 00:07:36.440 We will choose American  Psychological Association like so. 00:07:36.440 --> 00:07:48.320 And then we have this bar that comes up and  we start typing for example the author's. 00:07:48.320 --> 00:07:49.760 And it searches for items.  00:07:49.760 --> 00:07:56.390 And I have a very large library  so it may take a while to find it. 00:07:56.390 --> 00:08:00.620 And we know that this is Singleton  & Straits 2018, which is that. 00:08:00.620 --> 00:08:04.130 And then we need to have the page number here. 00:08:04.130 --> 00:08:08.420 We have the page, I don't remember  the page but let's say just XYZ. 00:08:08.420 --> 00:08:15.680 If you want to cite chapters or something else  you can change here what specific part your site. 00:08:15.680 --> 00:08:20.990 Typically you site with page  numbers and we click OK. 00:08:20.990 --> 00:08:29.720 So this is a the way that you cite  quotations or cite direct quotations. 00:08:29.720 --> 00:08:35.930 There are also other ways  that you can do this citation.  00:08:37.360 --> 00:08:41.050 Sometimes you want to emphasize that  a particular source says something. 00:08:41.050 --> 00:08:43.570 For example if you are working on a course paper   00:08:43.570 --> 00:08:51.040 and the assignment is to tell how a  certain source defines some concepts.  00:08:51.040 --> 00:08:59.650 Then we can write this slightly different  so I'm copying it and so we can do. 00:09:07.120 --> 00:09:11.110 And now that we have the  names of authors here already,   00:09:11.110 --> 00:09:17.020 we can do the citation a little bit differently. 00:09:17.020 --> 00:09:19.990 So we add/edit citation. 00:09:19.990 --> 00:09:28.390 And we choose suppress author here. 00:09:28.390 --> 00:09:33.340 The reason why we suppress the author is that  the author names have already been mentioned. 00:09:33.340 --> 00:09:42.490 And so this is one way to do the citation. But this is not actually the right way. 00:09:42.490 --> 00:09:51.250 When you have this kind of construction  that you are first giving the author names.  00:09:51.250 --> 00:09:58.450 Then you should have as a part of your text,  then the citation actually should go here. 00:09:58.450 --> 00:10:04.210 So it goes here and then we have  the page number here at the end.  00:10:04.210 --> 00:10:09.670 So that doesn't need to be done with  Zotero and you actually can't because   00:10:09.670 --> 00:10:12.580 this is really not associated with any citation. 00:10:12.580 --> 00:10:22.360 And then we don't have the  page number here anymore.  00:10:22.360 --> 00:10:25.660 So it's just that this is  what Singleton & Straits say. 00:10:27.340 --> 00:10:31.450 We can also do other things. 00:10:31.450 --> 00:10:41.680 For example we can say that  reliability can be defined as   00:10:41.680 --> 00:10:54.250 or let's say reliability is commonly  defined as the degree of stability. 00:10:54.250 --> 00:11:04.870 This is such a short part that generally  were just saying that it's about stability.  00:11:04.870 --> 00:11:10.780 And so we don't need to have quotations because  we're just using a single word from the source. 00:11:10.780 --> 00:11:14.800 Okay so if we say that it's commonly  defined as a degree of stability.  00:11:14.800 --> 00:11:23.890 We can add the citation to Singleton & Straits. But we may want to emphasize, this is just an   00:11:23.890 --> 00:11:29.830 example of how people commonly defined  reliability as degree of stability. 00:11:29.830 --> 00:11:37.570 And we can us these prefix and suffix  to add things inside the citation. 00:11:37.570 --> 00:11:42.010 So we can use eg. so that's example, for example. 00:11:42.010 --> 00:11:47.260 And this would mean that reliability is  commonly defined as the degree of stability. 00:11:47.260 --> 00:11:53.080 For an example of such definition see  Singleton & Straits and we of course   00:11:53.080 --> 00:11:55.450 need to have the page number  because we are citing a book. 00:11:55.450 --> 00:12:00.700 So I'm just gonna bring it up with a  keyboard shortcut and it's gonna be XYZ.  00:12:00.700 --> 00:12:02.590 I don't remember the page number. 00:12:02.590 --> 00:12:12.400 Also we can use the suffix and let's  say that our we would like to claim   00:12:12.400 --> 00:12:21.040 that reliability, there are different  definitions of let's say validity. 00:12:21.040 --> 00:12:28.450 And now we could me to do something like this. 00:12:28.450 --> 00:12:45.610 So we still cite Singleton & Straits and  we could do for example, see for a review. 00:12:49.790 --> 00:12:55.760 And this prefix and suffix will be added to the  citation as you can see here in the preview. 00:12:55.760 --> 00:12:57.770 And this is another way. 00:12:57.770 --> 00:13:01.400 So if you want to add text inside the citation   00:13:01.400 --> 00:13:04.430 which is completely okay then  you use the prefix and suffix. 00:13:05.090 --> 00:13:07.160 This is the basic way of using Zotero. 00:13:07.160 --> 00:13:13.280 One thing that you should know that  it is possible to edit this directly   00:13:13.280 --> 00:13:18.680 but you should not do that because  then Zotero cannot update it anymore. 00:13:18.680 --> 00:13:21.350 And for example if you have misspelled the name of   00:13:21.350 --> 00:13:26.030 Singleton in your database of articles. And if you want to fix it later on,   00:13:26.030 --> 00:13:32.060 then if you have manually edited this text  here then Zotero cannot update it anymore.